Witches and Witchcraft in Elizabethan England Myth or Reality Essay Example

Witches and Witchcraft in Elizabethan England: Myth or Reality? Paper Black magics and witches’ powers written in literary works and records of Elizabethan time have consistently been the subject of discussion among antiquarian. As per them, witches’ â€Å"powers† are interchangeable to information and that black magic didn't exist during the Elizabethan period. In any case, some chronicled accounts have contradicted these recommendations and guaranteed that these creatures truly existed during the Elizabethan period. Elizabethan England is known as the supreme time of Queen Elizabeth from 1558 to 1603, which has consistently been viewed as the brilliant period of England’s history[1]. Be that as it may, history specialists have likewise viewed this time as the beginning of the wide black magic threat in the social orders of England. Elizabethan scholars, for example, W. Shakespeare’s Macbeth (1603-1606), Dekker, Ford and Rowley’s The Witch of Edmonton (1621), and Heywood and Brome’s The Late Lancashire Witches (1634), had composed real stories uncovering witch preliminaries during this era[2]. In any case, students of history had ascribed these stories to fantasies, while some restrict these cases expressing that these truly happened. We will compose a custom exposition test on Witches and Witchcraft in Elizabethan England: Myth or Reality? explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Witches and Witchcraft in Elizabethan England: Myth or Reality? explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Witches and Witchcraft in Elizabethan England: Myth or Reality? explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Conversation English renaissance bloomed during this time improving fields of English verse and writing, while English reconstruction among Protestants and Catholics started to die down in the endeavors of interior harmony in religion. With Christianity’s condition of harmony, expressions of black magic had spread from Scotland towards London, and in the end, the strict society got frightened. The possibility of black magic and witch presence during the Elizabethan time was first told in the distributed treatise of Scotland’s King James VI †Daemonologie †in Ediburgh in 1957 in the wake of being persuaded of the presence of witches. Lord James VI himself had experienced a witch who anticipated his precise proclamations towards his lady of the hour during their wedding night[3]. Black magic turned into an issue all through England, and high society viewed the poor as the ladies behind the paranormal occasion. Notwithstanding, as per the history specialist, James Sharpe, Eliz abethan witches didn't exist as prove by their absence of witches’ aggregate association at any point noted in England’s verifiable records (refered to in Pool 127). Besides, the story of black magic during this time was dubiously disposed on female mistreatment. McFalane and Sharpe (1999) contended that the black magic stories didn't completely exist since these were all insignificant allegations brought by society’s low respects against female criticalness in the public eye (76). Then, a few antiquarians attest that allegations of black magic were just accomplished with the end goal of social control among ladies of Elizabethan time, for example, the account of Anne Boleyn and Perotine Massey[4]. Female society was potentially dreaded because of their sexual command over men, particularly during instances of origination were included. Witch allegations were additionally coordinated among ladies who skirted man centric forces and those with solid character. As per Travitsky and Seeff (1994), ladies blamed with black magic were singed in question to keep them from coming back to their general public; in this manner, forestalling also their expected impact. Then again, ladies blamed with black magic during Elizabethan period were around 314 recorded in Assize court arraignment, while lion's share were singed or cleared without appropriate preliminaries. Shockingly, the dread of general society towards witches was extreme to the point that straightforward petting of creatures was at that point thought about black magic. Ladies charged as witches had their familiars (normatively a dark feline), and together, were singed in question, for example, the Witch preliminaries at Chelmsford in 1566[5].â truth be told, the patterns of witch-chasing during this period turned out to be serious to the point that the higher court passed two acts (for example Black magic Act of 1542 and 1563) forcing a discipline of death against those demonstrated rehearsing witchcraft[6]. Two of the most admirable records of witch preliminaries happened in 1566 and 1567, which obviously included paranormal indications.  The record of the black magic preliminary i n 1566 included a widow alluded as the Mother Agnes Waterhouse, who had her spotted natural (feline) named as â€Å"Sathan†. The feline was given by the grandma of Elizabeth Francis who, at the hour of possessing the feline, got different arrangements of sexual solicitations from the feline. In the wake of possessing the feline, Mother Waterhouse turned the animal to a frog to harm the poultries and geese of her neighbors. Tragically, Mother Waterhouse murdered one of his neighbors simultaneously, which drove her to the witches’ mainstream preliminary. In the long run, Mother Agnes’s 18-year-old girl †Jone (or Joan) †affirmed against her black magic practices, which drove her to death by the rope[7]. Then again, another case was recorded by the youthful child of Elleine Smith pronouncing that his mom possessed three spirits that she utilized on her black magic services. The preliminaries initiated without giving the announcements of the kid; albeit, fo ur observers affirmed on the records of the youngster, which fulfilled the court judgment. In spite of these occasions, antiquarians protected the issue by guaranteeing that the patterns of allegations were not in the least bolstered by the physical types of the denounced paranormal occasions. Be that as it may, approaches of the higher specialists (for example Lord James VI, papacy, and so forth.) and the basic individuals from Elizabethan culture were altogether surprising to think about these allegations as results of social control towards the female network. End All in all, the occasions of black magic during the Elizabethan culture can be considered as another type of fantasy because of the absence of confirmations to help the cases of the genuine paranormal movement. Based from the historians’ accounts, allegations of black magic are just pieces of the social control actualized by the general public to forestall sidestep of man centric position and to keep up the request for sexual orientation in Elizabethan culture. Be that as it may, turmoil and disbeliefs on these occasions may even now proceed until confirmations of witchcraft’s presence during Elizabethan time are found.

Cell Phones Essays - Radiobiology, Mobile Telecommunications

PDAs What Causes Cell Phone Radiation and How Does it Effect Your Body? What is so mainstream with youthful adolescents today? Mobile phones. Strolling around on grounds to strolling around at the shopping center with your mobile phone may appear to be in vogue and stylish, yet did you since it may be making you get a malignant growth? 90% of mobile phone holders don't understand it and it ought to be something everybody ought to know of. It might appear to be a piece abnormally how a wireless can make a youngster or a grown-up get malignant growth, however it is valid. New proof is developing quick about wellbeing dangers from portable telephones ? electromagnetic radiation. These gadgets can be utilized to make calls from anyplace. Manifestations, for example, exhaustion, cerebral pains, consuming sensations on the skin were increasingly basic among the individuals who make longer calls. Simultaneously there are a developing number of unsubstantiated reports of people whose wellbeing has been influenced after incessant, visit utilization of cell phones, apparently from radiation impacts on cell. There are two kinds of telephones, one has the recieving wire mounted on the handset and the different has the reception apparatus mounted on a different transmitter or, if the phone is introduced in a vehicle, mounted on the rooftop or back window. Correspondence between a versatile phone and the closest base station is accomplished by the microwave outflows from the reception apparatus. Concerns have been raised about the sort of cell phone that has the radio wire in the handset. For this situation, the reception apparatus is exceptionally near the client's head during ordinary utilization of the phone and there is worry about the degree of microwave outflows to which the cerebrum is being uncovered. Those phones that have the reception apparatus mounted somewhere else are not an issue, since presentation levels decline quickly with expanding good ways from the reception apparatus. Cordless phones, which should be worked inside about 20 meters of a base unit that is associated straightforwardly to the phone framework don't have any wellbeing concerns related with their utilization since introduction levels are extremely low. . Media reports have asserted that up to 70 percent of the microwave outflows from hand- held cell phones might be invested in the client's head. This isn't bolstered by the proof, yet in any case prompts hypothesis that problem areas might be made in the client's mind, in this way raising worries that the phones might be a wellbeing hazard. Different reports have demonstrated that cell phone clients endure restricted cerebral pains when they utilize their phone. At this stage, it is hard to assess the proof supporting these reports, since they have not been distributed. This work on human subjects follows other telephone concentrates in creatures proposing that radiation from mobiles may cause cerebrum tumors, malignant growth, uneasiness, memory misfortune and genuine birth deserts. An Australian investigation found that mice presented to beat computerized telephone radiation more than year and a half had double the danger of creating tumors. An American study found that learning and momentary memory were weakened following 45 minutes introduction to radiation from telephones in rodents. Furthermore, different investigations of electromagnetic radiation on pregnant mice recommend that high presentation can influence intra-uterine turn of events, affirmed as of late in chicks. The impacts in people are obscure. In Britain a multi year elderly person with a cerebrum tumor is prosecuting a cell phone producer who she faults for her tumor. A scholar, Roger Coghill has likewise been offered consent to bring a body of evidence against a supplier of cell phone gear for neglecting to caution individuals of radiation dangers. A wide assortment of electrical gadgets add to electro brown haze, going from PCs, to telephones, TV sets, radar transmitter and transformers. Be that as it may cell phone radiation is positively extraordinary, as confirm by the consequences for airplane route frameworks, or all the more clearly on a close by ordinary phone or a music framework The cerebrum malignant growth reports started in the USA where various claims have been held up against cell phone producers and providers. These cases for harms claim that the microwave outflows from cell phones utilized by the inquirers caused their cerebrum diseases. Those couple of cases that have been attempted have been excused for absence of supporting

Have Bad Credit Here Are Two Things You Should Do

Have Bad Credit Here Are Two Things You Should Do Have Bad Credit? Here Are Two Things You Should Do Have Bad Credit? Here Are Two Things You Should DoThere are five factors that make up your credit score, but two of them are responsible for a whopping 65 percent all by themselves.Bad credit loans can be a serviceable way to bridge financial gaps when you encounter a surprise expense, but they don’t make for a great long term solution. In fact, regularly relying on short-term no credit check loans like payday loans or title loans pretty much means that you’re stuck in an ongoing cycle of debt.Instead, you should look for long term fixes. (And no, we don’t mean opting for bad credit installment loans, although they can be a better option than two-week cash advances.) If you build up your credit score, you’ll be able to rely on better, more affordable kinds of personal loans when times get tough.Fixing your credit score may not be easyâ€"it’s going to require a lot of work and financial disciplineâ€"but the way to do it is fairly simple: There are two main reasons that peopl e have poor credit, which also means that there are main ways for them to fix their scores!Here’s how your credit score works.The most common kind of credit score is the FICO score, which grades your creditworthiness on a scale from 300 to 850. The higher your score, the better your credit, with 680 being the rough cut-off point between “good” and “fair” credit.Your credit score is based on the information contained in your credit reports, which are compiled by the three major credit bureaus: Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax. To order a free copy of your credit reportâ€"and you’re entitled to one free report annually from each bureauâ€"just visit AnnualCreditReport.com.These reports track your history as a credit user over the past seven years. However, some pieces of information, like whether you’ve ever filed for bankruptcy, can stick on your report for longer than that.Information can also vary from report to report, as some lenders and landlords only report inform ation to one or two credit bureaus, not all three. This means that you could actually have three slightly different versions of your credit score.Your FICO score is comprised of five main categories: Your payment history (35 percent), your amounts owed (30 percent), your length of credit history (15 percent), your credit mix (10 percent), and your recent credit inquiries (10 percent).Since your payment history and your amounts owed together make up 65 percent of your total score, it is these two categories that are most critical to fixing bad credit.1. Start paying your bills on time.Your payment history is pretty simple: It measures your history of paying your bills on time. In order to have good credit, lenders like to see a pretty spotless history of on-time payment. Even one late payment could cause your score to take a serious drop.So if you’re trying to fix your credit score, you’re going to need to start paying your bills on time. And then once you start, you shouldn’t stop. Ever.Build a schedule for all your bills and compare them to your monthly budget. And if you don’t have a budget, here’s a free template and instructions to get you started.Are all your bills clumped together in such a way that it makes paying them on time difficult? Contact your creditors and see what you can do about switching your due dates to make payment a little bit smoother.Put as many of your bills as possible on auto-pay. but make sure that you have the proper funds in your account to pay for them’ otherwise, you’ll end up incurring expensive overdraft fees.And if you still end up paying a bill late, pay it anyway and then contact your creditor, as many have a grace period before they report late payments to the bureaus. If you have a history of on-time payments with them, calling and talking with them should help your case.If you have any old unpaid bills that have been sent to collections, do something similar. Contact the collection agency and create a plan for repayment. Once the bill is paid, talk to them about having the account removed from your report. It might not work, but it’s worth a shot!Paying your bills on time is crucial to building and maintaining good credit, but it’s also not a quick fix. It will take a while before all those on-time payments really start helping your score. This isn’t a sprint, it’s a marathon, and its one youll have to run if you want to put bad credit behind you.2. Pay down your outstanding debt.While your outstanding debts count slightly less towards your credit score than your payment history, they’re also a problem that you can tackle a bit more directly. In short: The faster you pay them off, the sooner your score will rise.Potential creditors like personal lenders and landlords are wary of lending to people with too much outstanding debt, especially if it’s high-interest consumer debt like credit cards, personal and online loans, etc. So when you’re making a repayment plan, that†™s where you should focus.There are two popular methods for paying down debt: the Debt Snowball and the Debt Avalanche. Pick whichever method works best, and then stick to it.With the Debt Snowball, you put all your extra debt repayment funds towards your smallest debt, while only making the minimum payments on all your other debts. When that smallest debt is paid off, you roll over its minimum payment towards your next largest debt and continue. With each debt you retire, you have more money to put towards your larger debts!The Debt Avalanche works in much the same way as the Debt Snowball, but with one key difference. Instead of paying off your smallest debt first, you pay off the debt with the highest interest rate first.With the Debt Avalanche, you’ll save more money over time, but it can also mean having to wait a while before your first debt is entirely zeroed out, which can leave some people discouraged. This is why the Debt Snowball is structured to prioritized encouraging early victories.If you don’t have a lot of money to spare in your budget for debt repayment, try looking for a part-time job or side hustle that you can use to earn some extra cash. Like we said up top, the faster you pay off your high-interest consumer debt, the sooner your score will go up!A better credit score is worth the work.With a good credit score, you’ll be able to apply for better loans and housing. Instead of getting stuck with high-interest bad credit loans, you’ll be able to apply for an awesome credit card that offers sweet rewardsâ€"so long as you make sure to use that card responsibly.And while you should make sure to balance your credit score with other important financial prioritiesâ€"like saving for retirement or building up your emergency fundâ€"good credit will help you out in pretty much every facet of your financial life.To learn more about building a brighter financial future for you and your loved ones, check out  these other posts and articles from O ppLoans:How to Raise Your Credit Score by 100 PointsSave More Money with These 40 Expert Tips8 Good Habits to Get Your Financesâ€"and Your Lifeâ€"on TrackFinancial Basics: Expert Tips for Smarter SpendingDo you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |Instagram

Problems Facing University Students - 2295 Words

Financial Challenges Facing University Students FA120-Skills to succeed Group Creative problem solving assignment By Megan Sweeney (12522637) Anna Heffernan (12743239) And Ross Swords (12344681) Word Count: two thousand two hundred and eight. Contents Page Section 1: Summary | Pages 3 and 4 | Section II: Details of the students challenge | Pages 4 and 5 | Section III: Findings | Pages 5 and 6 | Section IV: Possible solutions and recommendations | Page 6 | Section V: Recommendations | Page 6 | References | Page 7 | Section I: Summary. Introduction After discussing our assignment as a group we recognised what problems and challenges may be relevant to university students. We felt the topic most relevant to ourselves as a†¦show more content†¦With this in mind most students need as much help as possible to budget, manage their money and make use of the discount and financial schemes available through the university. The university provides a range of support systems to help students overcome financial challenges they may face. For students living away from home medical expenses can be a huge challenge as unfamiliar doctors can overcharge students, students can also be faced with the difficulty of budgeting for medical expenses as students can’t predict when they will become ill. The National University of Ireland Galway has relived thousands of students from the worries and challenges they face in regard to medical fees as they provide a full medical centre with Doctors, Nurses and physiatrist free of charge to a ll students in the university. â€Å"Only 10% of the student body is entitled to a medical card (GMS). A medical card entitles the holder to free consultation, free prescriptions and free hospitalisation. Students are not entitled to a medical card unless their parents have such a card or unless they are on a grant. 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Discipline Teaches a Child to Follow the Rules Essay

Discipline If you want your child to become a responsible, respected adult then you must discipline your child. This must be done without humiliation or abuse. â€Å"Discipline is the process of teaching your child what type of behavior is acceptable and what type is not acceptable. In other words, discipline teaches a child to follow rules.† (WebMD, 2005-2014) The most important thing is to teach the child what it is that you expect of them, teach them the consequences of not following the rules, and then consistently enforce these rules. Consistency is the key to establishing rules. â€Å"Whatever the age of your child, its important to be consistent when it comes to discipline. If parents dont stick to the rules and consequences they set†¦show more content†¦Make sure your behavior is role-model material.† (Reviewed by: Jennifer Shroff Pendley, 2011) Role models play an important part in a child’s development whether this is the parents or another inf luential person in their life. I don’t believe in spanking. Parents that choose to spank their children often use this as a quick punishment but it can damage the child emotionally. â€Å"Spanking can be humiliating for children, can cause anger, aggression, and resentment, can cause physical harm, and often does not teach the lesson youre trying to convey.† (Reviewed by: Larissa Hirsch, 2011) In order for a child to listen and learn from a parent, the child must respect the parent. Earning the respect of a child is a quality of an engaged, thoughtful parent that is aware that their child is learning how to respect others through you. One of the best ways to earn the respect of the child is to have respect for them. 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Stay at Home Mom Free Essays

â€Å"Because I am a woman, I must make unusual efforts to succeed. If I fail, no one will say, â€Å"She doesn’t have what it takes. †Ã‚   They will say, â€Å"Women don’t have what it takes. We will write a custom essay sample on Stay at Home Mom or any similar topic only for you Order Now †Ã‚  Being a stay at home mother has its benefits but it most definitely has its flaws. In the old days women had no choice but to stay at home; cooking, cleaning, making sure dinner was ready on time. They had no say if they wanted to work or finish school. Just imagine living day to day in the same routine. Visualize waking up at 6:30 am making the beds, then breakfast and that kiss goodbye before he went to work. At first this must feel amazing spending all this time with your child bonding and not missing a moment. But where’s your me time? 4 out of 5 mothers are happier when they work. They can have adult conversations and take a sick day. Being a stay at home mom is a 24-hour, 7-day-a-week job with no pay. What woman wants to feel financially dependent of her spouse? â€Å"I see my husband once a week. But since he is making the bulk of the income, I can’t really be resentful about that. At the same time, I feel like we have two separate lives. † In this day and age budgets are tighter than usual. Why add on to your stress with bills and payments. It’s true that you might miss out on your child’s first word or first steps but absence makes the heart grow fonder. You can’t be a stay at home mom forever. What will you do with your free time when your child starts school? In most cases the child grows too attached to their mom and doesn’t have enough communication skills to share with other kids. Daycare has evolved because you can go to work and your child learns how to play others. Children become more independent and self-reliant when they don’t have you there to do everything for them, which is better for both of you in the long run. You lose a lot of your freedom because your child has to go everywhere with you even the bathroom. When you need time to cook or just take a breather who’s to say you won’t just place your child in front of the TV for an hour. Women fought for the opportunity to be as equal as men especially in the job area. We are not less of a mother for thinking of ourselves a little. This shows your child to be strong and independent. Your child will grow attached to you but you will also be more attached to your child. What happens when college comes along and your baby is leaving you. What will you do with all that time, Knit, bake, read. You’ll go mad and feel abandoned. You won’t have the skills you did when you were working. Not to say that one is easier than the other they both take a lot of effort. After you work you’ll be exhausted and trying to find time for your kid and husband. You will feel pressured to make the time you do have with your kid’s quality time, so you can actually overwhelm them. As a stay at home mom you will have time to clean and more time with friends and family. But overall the extra effort is worth it. Woman will feel more accomplished in their life’s and have a sense of purpose. How to cite Stay at Home Mom, Papers

Multidimensional Modeling for Social Business Intelligence

Question: Describe abut the Multidimensional Modeling for Social Business Intelligence? Answer: Reviewing Article 1: Value creation strategies for science-based business: A study of advanced materials ventures. Application of the science based technologies plays an essential role for the organizational development as a whole. Application of green technology, sustainability, bio technology are effective to manage the growth of an organisation as a whole. Maine, Lubik Garnsey (2013) mention people of the market place has become conscious about the environment. Therefore application of the technology has become an essential. Advanced materialism, hierarchical potentiality, performance application are becoming the significant innovative ethos are being used in the business perimeter. Successful application of technical gadgets and mechanical devices appear to be the provident approach which indulges in extreme commercialization. Reviewing Article 2: Advanced topic modeling for social business intelligence Using corporate data in decision making process of business evaluation appears to be the significant approach. Application of sophisticated data warehousing system, meta-modelling, big data appear to be the conditional factors that helps in managing the business ethics in a significant level. Gallinucci, Golfarelli, Rizzi (2013) are of this view with the application of more technicality, more financial savings can e4xpected to be pocketed by an organisation. In the coming days business ethics can be essentially maintained by using of these technical applications. Reviewing Article 3: 4CaaSt marketplace: An advanced business environment for trading cloud services Internet system in these days has become one of the affluent approaches which seems to act as an inspiration approach for an organisation. The article of Menychtas et al. (2014) highlights that application of the internet could system may seem to be one of the significant approach of business development. In order to develop the business strategy effective use of cloud system may appear to be one of the most significant approaches of maintaining ethicality of business. Reference List: Gallinucci, E., Golfarelli, M., Rizzi, S. (2013). Meta-stars: multidimensional modeling for social business intelligence. In Proceedings of the sixteenth international workshop on Data warehousing and OLAP (pp. 11-18). ACM. Maine, E., Lubik, S., Garnsey, E. (2013). Value creation strategies for science-based business: A study of advanced materials ventures. Innovation, 15(1), 35-51. Menychtas, A., Vogel, J., Giessmann, A., Gatzioura, A., Gomez, S. G., Moulos, V., Varvarigou, T. (2014). 4caast marketplace: An advanced business environment for trading cloud services. Future Generation Computer Systems, 41, 104-120.

Block Schedulling Essays - Education, Curricula, Block Scheduling

Block Schedulling Six classes a day, five days week, every day the same schedule. Telephones and radios were still luxuries when high schools nationwide petrified the school day into this rigid pattern. The refrigerator and television hadn't been invented, much less the copy machine, computer, and video player. We live in a very different world now, and we know more about how students learn. Yet most contemporary high school and middle school students are still locked into the same schedule that their great-grandparents experienced when they were teenagers. The big question here is what is wrong with the traditional six or seven period day? For starters, say critics, the pace is tough. A typical student will be in nine locations working on nine different activities in a six-and-a-half-hour school day. An average teacher must teach five classes, dealing with 125-180 students with several preparations. This frantic, fragmented schedule is unlike any experienced either before or after high school. It produces a hectic, impersonal, inefficient instructional environment, states Joseph Carroll (1994), limits the amount of time to go in-depth on a subject, and tends to discourage using a variety of learning activities. Opportunities for individualization of instruction and meaningful interaction between students and teachers are hard to come by. No matter how complex or simple the school subject, the schedule assigns an impartial national average of fifty-one minutes per class period, say Robert Canady and Michael Rettig (1995). And despite wide variation in the time it takes individual students to succeed at learning any given task, the allocated time is identical for all. The 1994 report of the National Education Commission on Time and Learning states, Schools will have a design flaw as long as their organization is based on the assumption that all students can learn on the same schedule. In addition, since most disciplinary problems occur during scheduled transitions, the more transitions, the more problems. In our district, the principal states this as the number one discipline problem in school during passing times. And a great deal of time is lost in simply starting and ending so many classes in a day. Traditional, inflexible scheduling is based on administrative and institutional needs, say Gary Watts and Shari Castle (1993). Flexible scheduling patterns are a much better match in order to meet the educational needs of students and the professional needs of teachers. The next question that begs to be answered is, What exactly is block scheduling? Gordon Cawelti (1994) defines it as follows: At least part of the daily schedule is organized into larger blocks of time (more than sixty minutes) to allow flexibility for a diversity of instructional activities. The variations are endless, and may involve reconfiguring the lengths of periods and semesters as well as the daily schedule. Some of the possibilities detailed by Canady and Rettig include: *Four ninety-minute blocks per day; school year divided into two semesters; former year-long courses completed in one semester. *Alternate day block schedule: six or eight courses spread out over two days; teachers meet with half of their students each day. *Two large blocks and three standard-sized blocks per day; year divided into sixty-day trimesters with a different subject taught in the large blocks each trimester. *Some classes (such as band, typing, foreign language) taught daily, others in longer blocks on alternate days. *Six courses, each meeting in three single periods, and one double period per week. *Seven courses. Teachers meet with students three days out of four--twice in single periods, once in a double period. And there are many more. Any of these can be modified, of course, to meet the specific needs of a school. Scheduling changes are usually linked to increasing retention, reducing lecturing by instructors and gaining the opportunity for more creative teaching strategies. They are often part of a major restructuring effort. As with anything, there are advantages as well as disadvantages. What are the advantages of block scheduling? First, larger blocks of time allow for a more flexible and productive classroom environment, along with more opportunities for using varied and interactive teaching methods. Other benefits listed by Jeffrey Sturgis (1995) include: more effective use of school time, decreased class size, increased number of course offerings,

Free sample - A vivid experience on explosion. translation missing

A vivid experience on explosion. A vivid experience on explosionThe December festive season is almost here with us again. This is the time where each and every shopping mall is a bee hive of activities. The last two days towards this big day are extremely busy. Majority of the people are found in the last minute rush moving from one stall to the next buying new clad and gifts for friends and family. Unfortunately, my mother and I were also finishing our selection on the last Sunday, a day before this wonderful day. A lot of people were in the supermarket. The parking was fully loaded. We were lucky enough to arrive early to find a place to park. Some minutes to noon we got into a jewelry stall when out of nowhere there was a big explosion. What struck my mind first was that an earthquake had ensued. I immediately started sweating trembling like a leave on cold weather. On looking back, I was met with people lying down swimming in blood. Women and children were screaming and pieces of glass were lying all over. Some people were running out of the shopping mall and the place resembled hell. Within a blink of an eye, the police arrived at the scene accompanied by two ambulances for offering first aid to the injured people. It then dawned on me that the explosion had been caused by a bomb which had been planted in one of the stall. After several questions from the police, we excused ourselves and left for home. Although my mother and I managed to escape unhurt, I could not help but to shed tears because we escaped narrowly. Later in the news that evening, it was confirmed that three people had lost their lives as a result of that explosion while a good number were still nursing injuries. It was a horrible experience. Since that day, the bloody images of injured people still occur in most of my dreams and I even sometimes scream late at night. This has affected me psychologically and I have been visiting a psychiatrist quite often to help me overcome this. My life was completely changed since that day although am trying very hard to get over this.

Cary Grant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cary Grant - Essay Example He worked tirelessly and with great determination in ensuring that, the US authorities adopted fair economic and social integration practices. Cary Grant who was a comedian of the 30s was a renowned English actor and film producer. He exhibited great knowledge of acting and film production that facilitated his career. He had a great profession that was characterized with excellent activities and negotiation practices. The negotiations were set to aid the realization of favorable economic performance and social integration in US. This was critical since monetary and social integration are fundamental elements that drive success in various societal setting. Consequently, Cary Grant is under consideration as one of the classic Hollywood star and a leading actor. He used his leadership capacity and skills to influence decision making on policies with an aim of empowering individuals. He is credited for producing educative and informative comedy plays that held immense relevance in facili tating social and economic integration. His strong persona enabled him to provide transformative information that is socially relevant and culturally acceptable. The information he conveyed through comedy work helped in transforming US into a modern state where individual’s rights were respected. His best films that hold immense relevance in transforming individuals’ character setting include the awful truth, bringing up baby, and catch a thief. The comedy films had social and financial information in their content. This was to, assist in passing critical information to help in the development of an amicable solution to the evident absurdities that the people of US were facing. Evidently, his works were instrumental especially when the US was facing economic depression during the screwball period. The period exposed the nation to high unemployment rate and homelessness. This paper gives an essay on the politics of Cary grant, how his persona was established, screen per sona and great comic films. What is so funny Cary Grant Cary Grant had unique speaking skills that explain his undisputable eloquent and fun as evident in his works. His eloquent capacity had great contribution in the establishment of his persona as a star by the end of 30s. He had strong elements of elegance, charm, humor and resourcefulness. These elements made him a great and influential actor that is comparable to a politician (Britton, 1986, P, 36). This enabled him to gain the political persona despite being an actor and playmaker. Consequently, the eloquence, openness and charming nature facilitated fun in his works that are highly comical. How grant persona was developed As noted Cary Grant was, an actor with a strong strength of character who made a huge contribution in providing solutions to the screwball complications that threatened to paralyze economic and social performance in the US. The development of the actor’s strong strength of character was evident from h is childhood. He acted responsibly and with determination to ensure that, his ideological mission was under fulfillment (Britton & Grant, 2008, P, 9). The actor provided viable ideological tenets that facilitated liberation in the nation and creation of a unified industry. His noble actions led to the improved social integration and understanding. Cary realized his national mission as he participated as an actor in Hollywood. He identified his influential capacity and the ability to unite people through acting. Ideally, he capitalized on his charming nature, tolerance, elegance, sense of humor and resourcefulness. The elements enabled him to relay essential information that had immense contribution in advancing unity and economic integration. According to Britton & Grant (2008), various stakeholders had

Analysis of Diane Arbu's Identical Twins Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of Diane Arbu's Identical Twins - Essay Example The paper states that Diane Arbus shot her photographs primarily using the Rolleiflex medium format that contained twin lens reflex. These features of the lens provided her photographs with features that were distinct. For instance, most of her photographs, including the â€Å"identical twin,† have waist level viewfinder as well as the aspect of the square ratio. The application and perfect adoption of the techniques of applying the viewfinders facilitated Arbus to connect with her subject perfectly, and beyond the stands of normal eye level viewfinders were able to synchronize the intended photograph. The photograph, identical twins portray the images of two young girls namely Colleen and Cathleen Wade. These two girls are equally portrayed standing side by side juxtaposed to each other with the aim of reviling their underlying identity. Moreover, the girls are addressed in similar attires of matching corduroy dresses with white lase around their necks and about their wrists. Additionally, the photograph clearly indicates that both girls have white headbands about their heads trapping their dark hair. Notably, they are coherently staring at the camera with one of them posing with a slight slime about her face while the other showing a slight indication of sadness. The indicated nature of state of each girl’s face depicts a state of parallelism among these twins. Furthermore, the parallelism may be as well been defined, or portrayed by the haunting nature of the portrait. In summary, it may be certain to say or note that the photograph reveals the photographer’s vision. Some of the photograph scholars had once noted that Arbus was suffering from identity issues. According to Patricia Bosworth, a biographer, Arbus in her career had ever been involved with the question of identifying her identity by comparing herself with other. She once had wanted to determine who she was and who others were. Therefore, the photograph of the twin image is a clear expression that cruxes the vision Arbus ever had. Alternatively, one may argue that Arbus was representing the content of the photograph in the form of normality being freakishness, and freakishness being normality (Krauss 12). According to Arbus, this photograph, of identical twins, was photographed at their tender age of seven years old each. In addition, it is as well apparent to note that the photograph was taken in a Christmas party, the party that was organized for twins and triplets. Commenting on the photograph, the father of these girls once commented that they had never thought such worst likeness of twins ever existed since according to him, they have never seen such likeness among any identical twin he has ever seen. It is worth noting that the photograph of the twins has as well inspired other artworks. For example, Stanley Kubrick reflects the elements of this photograph in the film â€Å"The Shinning†. Two identical twin sisters, with identical pose, are featured in this film. Most of Arbus’ artistic ideas are also reflected in a piece of artwork known as â€Å"Gummo† by Harmony Korine. The artistic elements represented by Arbus in the â€Å"Identical twins† photograph are also featured in a television series episode named â€Å"The Old and The Restless†. About the contemporary photographic work, Arbus is considered as a charitable photographer, in the sense that her work unconventionally related to the subject matter of portraits she presented in her collection. Most of Arbus’ photographs, including â€Å"Identical twins,† portray people or society as living unusual lives, and the same notion was accepted by most societies. Therefore, her photographs depicted what could have been supposed to be the real person. This makes her

Primary and Secondary Research in Marketing

Primary and Secondary Research in Marketing Critically analyse the effectiveness of primary and secondary research applied to product development (looking at qualitative and quantitative research). Market research can be understood in terms of how the activity is carried out, designing questionnaires, planning respondent samples, methods of data collection and analysis etc, in other words the techniques of the discipline. The purpose of market research is to assist and improve marketing decisions; selecting the optimum alternative or even setting the decision-making agenda, i.e. what are the real marketing issues facing us? In any field, the basis of good decision making is having effective and accurate information available and using it accordingly. Almost any information required in or contributing to marketing decision making and the methods used to acquire that information, can be considered to be market research but, as a distinct and specialized activity, it is the provision of information about the market that is usually the central concern. People and organisations regularly need to understand the markets that they find themselves in, including the needs of consumers that make up these markets. This understanding can be intuitive and based on common sense, where many successful decisions have been and continue to be based on no more than instinct. However, in competitive markets where implementing a decision may require major financial resources and where the costs of failure are high, there is a need for decision making based on more rigorous and reliable data. Additionally, many features of modern markets and marketing such as consumer diversity, internationalization and the ever accelerating pace of change, increase uncertainty and make the informal and intuitive approaches to understanding less secure. The more formal techniques of market research, which have been developed and matured over the last few decades, generally offer a basis for increased confidence in decision making and so reduce some of the risks that always will be present in markets. The primary purpose for market research is risk aversion, to understand what the market wants, and not just what a few customers want and reduce the risk of developing the wrong product. THE MEANING OF PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT Product development is the phase in which the organisationdetermines if it is technically feasible to produce the product and if it canbe produced at costs low enough to make the final price reasonable. To testits acceptability, the idea or concept is converted into a prototype, orworking model. Concept cars for example are used in the development of newvehicles. The prototype should reveal tangible and intangible attributesassociated with the product in consumers minds. The products design, mechanicalfeatures and intangible aspects must be linked to wants in the marketplace.This includes the service aspects of the product, which are a vital componentof many products. Failure to determine how consumers feel about the productand how they would use it may lead to the products failure. For example, the Sinclair C5 electric buggy car, was developed as a serious on-road, single seater car for city or country use. However, drivers felt unsafe in a small buggy, and campus students ended up using the remaining stocks on-pavement runabouts. The development phase of a new product is frequently lengthyand expensive; thus a relatively small number of product ideas are put intodevelopment. If the product appears sufficiently successful during this phaseto merit testing, then during the latter part of the development phasemarketers begin to make decisions regarding branding, packaging, labelling,pricing and promotion for use in the test marketing phase. With this in mind we can now move on to talk about theeffectiveness of the use of primary and secondary research in productdevelopment. COLLECTING DATA There are two types of data collection methods, they areprimary data collection and secondary data collection. Primary Data Collection: this type of datacollection are usually observed and recorded or collected directly fromrespondents. This type of data must be gathered by observing phenomena orsurveying respondents. Primary data collection can be deemed as bespoke andtherefore time consuming and costly. This process is more lengthy and complex, it is typicallymore costly, involving experimentation, sampling, survey methods, andquestionnaire construction. The acquisition of primary data often requires anexperimental approach to determine which variable or variables caused an eventto occur. Experimentation: this involves keeping certainvariables constant so that the effects of the experimental variables can bemeasured. For example, when Apple tests a change in its AppleWorks wordprocessing computer program, all sales and marketing variables should be heldconstant except the change in the program. Sampling: by systematically choosing a limited numberof units, or sample, to represent the characteristics of a total population,marketers can project the reactions of a total market or market segment. Theobjective of sampling in product development, therefore, is to selectrepresentative units from total population. Sampling procedures are used instudying the likelihood of events based on assumptions about the future. Survey Methods: This includes interviews by mail,e-mail, or telephone and personal interviews. Selection of a survey methoddepends on the nature of the problem, the data needed to test the hypothesisand the resources, such as funding and personnel that are available to theresearcher. Questionnaire Construction: A careful constructedquestionnaire is essential to the success of any survey. A questionnaire is abase document for research purposes that provides the questions and thestructure for an interview or self-completion and has provision forrespondents answers. Questions must be designed to elicit information thatmeets the studys data requirements. Observation Methods: This method enables a researcherto record respondents overt behaviour, taking note of physical conditions andevents. Direct contact with respondents is avoided; instead, their actions areexamined and noted systematically. Observation is straightforward and avoids acentral problem of survey methods: motivating respondents to state their truefeelings or opinions. Secondary Collection Data: These types of dataare normally compiled inside or outside the organisation for some purpose otherthan the current investigation. Secondary data include general reportssupplied to an enterprise by various data services. Such reports might concernmarket share, retail inventory levels and consumer buying behaviour. Commonly,secondary data is already available in private or public reports or have beencollected and stored by the organisation itself. Because secondary data arealready available, which does save valuable time and money, they should beexamined prior to the collection of any primary data. Marketers often begin themarketing research for product development by gathering secondary information.They may use available reports and other information from both internal andexternal sources to identify a marketing problem. Internal sources of secondary data can contribute to productdevelopment. For example, an organisations marketing databank may containinformation about past marketing activities, such as sales records and researchreports that can be used to test hypothesis and pinpoint problems.Organisations accounting records are also an excellent source of data, butstrangely enough tend to be overlooked. The large volume of data that anaccounting department collects does not automatically flow to the productdevelopment area. Secondary data can also be retrieved from periodicals, censusreports, government publications, the World Wide Web and unpublished sources.Periodicals such as Investors chronicles, Marketing, The Economist, Campaign,Marketing Week, Wall Street Journal, and Fortune, print general informationthat is helpful for defining problems and developing hypothesis. Other external sources of secondary data are Trade journals,trade associations, international sources, commercial sources, governments,books in print, periodical indices and computerized literature retrievaldatabases. TYPES OF MARKET RESEARCH METHODS Broadly speaking there are two types of marketing researchmethods, they are qualitative and quantitative methods. The names describe thebasic difference in the results. Quantitative methods use samples large enoughthat there is statistical confidence in the results. Qualitative methods usevery small samples with no statistical significance. A complete research planincludes both categories of research. The mix depends on the stage ofdevelopment, the research objectives available funds, and other variables. Often, qualitative such as a focus group can be used to better identify what the issues are to do with a new product. Quantitative research is then employed to determine how prevalent the issue or need is. Qualitative research is the term applied to research that is considered exploratory or conceptual. Qualitative research will provide context,insights, and ideas for more research. The idea for the use of this type of research method is to get the participants to talk about their experiences,give opinions about situations, and to react to scenarios or prototypes. The basic characteristics of qualitative research are, broad objectives; small samples, results tend not to be generalizable or target population; and it is best used early in order to identify issues and again later in the process to validate. The following methods under qualitative methods are the most commonly used. They are: review of secondary information, focus groups and related techniques (brainstorming sessions), and observations/ ethnographic studies (insetting where the product is actually used. Quantitative research is the term applied to researchthat is considered conclusive. A researcher might use quantitative research totest hypothesis, describe the market or target population characteristics, andcheck relationships among variable. The results lead to formal conclusions andrecommendations to inform decision-making. The idea is to get enough responsethat the research will feel confident that the results reflect the market. The basic characteristics of quantitative research are:defined objectives that include hypothesis, focused research design identifieswho, how, what, why and when, large enough sample to allow for generalization(projection of results), and heart of the research. The most common quantitative research methods are: Surveys,which could be mail, telephone, online; usability studies; field testing;laboratory testing and conjoint analysis. Quantitative research is alsoconcerned with measuring aspects of a market or the population of consumersmaking up the market. This includes soft phenomena such as consumer attitudesas well as the hard things such as market size, brand shares, purchase frequenciesetc. Quantitative research and sampling: Quantitative data on a market or consumer group can be obtained through carrying out a census on the general populace, so as to obtain the relevant measures from every single consumer or (in the case of business-to-business research) player in the market. In practice market research through a census is very rare; for one thing it is usually prohibitively expensive to obtain data from every individual (the government only carries out a population census once every 10 years) and even when the money is made available the timescales involved are likely to be too long to meet commercial deadlines. Quantitative market research is, therefore, nearly always based on more or less rigorous sampling methods which have in common the assumption that the data from samples can betaken to represent, within estimated levels of accuracy, the population or universe from which they are retrieved from. Types of Quantitative Data: The range of information which can be and is collected through quantitative research is enormous if not infinite. In relation to deciding how data should be collected, all possibilities can be slotted into a simple threefold classification. They are: market measure; customer profiles or segmentation; and attitudinal data. Market measures quantify and describe a market. Common examples include: market and sector size; shares of the market held by suppliers or brands; penetration levels (what proportion of all potential consumers own or buy a product); purchase and consumption frequencies; patterns of consumption and seasonality. A vital concern in any marketing is knowing and understanding the potential customer base, what type or organisations are they? What other types of products or services do they own or use? What is required to meet this need is customer profiling or segmentation data and it is quantitative in nature because reliable breakdowns are needed for the whole market or population Additionally attitudinal data is also used in a quite general sense to cover concepts such as awareness, perceptions, beliefs, evaluations,preferences, and propensities. In other words they are, in their various forms, subjective and reside in the minds of individuals (attitudinal data is collected in business-to-business research but in the end it is still attitudes of individuals within organisations or companies, as such, do not have attitudes). Much of market research is concerned with attitudes and attitude measurement because attitudes are assumed to influence if not determine behaviour; understand consumer attitudes and the marketing may mould consumer choice in the products favour. Level of Measurement: Depending on the stage of product development, research measurement can be used to focus on particular market levels and use techniques appropriate for find out the possible level of satisfaction that will be gained from using the product. For example,manufacturers passing on sales figures, in confidence, to a third party (e.g.trade association) which collates them. Retail sales and brand shares are likely to be collected most accurately at the retail level through a retail audit. Patterns of consumption and profiles of consumers, however, will require data collection at the final level through some type of interviewing programme. The market level from which data is required, therefore, has an important bearing on the research methodology. The size of a market, for example, can be estimated by grossing up the consumption levels among a sample to the total population within the market. With adjustments (e.g. for imported products, shrinkage through the retail chain, etc) estimates also can be made of manufacturers and distributors / retail sales. However, in making such estimates various uncertain assumptions nearly always have to be made and this affects the reliability of the final data. Frequency of Measurement: Market research data is often required at only a single point in time; the current market, the shares held now by each brand, the profile of current consumers etc. In such cases the research methodology is commonly designed as a one-off and the project(i.e. product development). It is also possible that at some future date it may be decided be the organisation to collect the same sort of data again and a similar research design maybe used but at the time the first project is considered this not to be of significant importance at the time. In terms of research expenditure, most market research budgets are taken up buying repeat measures through continuous research. Continuous data allows important measures to be tracked overtime; movements in brand shares for example show progress (or decline) against competitors and changes in the trend provide an early warning to take action. Discrete trends also can be interrelated to other measures taken in the continuous research programme (e.g. media exposure) or independent variables such as economic indicators and all the data ca be integrated into a model which allows for predictions to be made or enables what if questions to be answered. Continuous data can be collected from matched samples (each made up of different respondents) and in some applications this is the preferred approach. Due to the high costs associated with conducting continuous research, much of the wok tends to be syndicated with costs shared among a number of subscribers. The nature of the respondent: The location of potential respondents may for example, influence any decision to use phone or visit interviewing. Other considerations may favour face-to-face methods but if the selected sample of say 50 potential buyers of a product is spread allover Western Europe, phone interviewing maybe ruled out if an important part of the sample is seldom found there; e.g. older people. Respondents personal attributes may also influence the research design. Self completion surveys are not appropriate among an illiterate or semi-literate respondent group or where interest in the subject of the research is likely to be low. Similarly, the wording of questions may need to reflect respondents language skills and familiarity with terminology: computer jargon may have a place in a survey of IT workers but not among the general population. Where as is common, the sample is mixed in these respects, the design must actually work lowest common denominator assumptions. Access to communications and the status of respondents are also relevant to an appropriate design. While most business-to-business respondents can be contacted by phone, this will be less the case where shop floor attitudes need to be established or where workers are very mobile. In such cases respondents may need to be recruited away from their place of work. THEDIFFERENCES BETWEEN QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH IN PRODUCTDEVELOPMENT The roots of the words qualitative and quantitative imply that one is based on quality and the other on quantity. There is some truth in this. Qualitative research is centrally concerned with the understanding rather than the measurement of things. The trouble is the lack of measurement means that it is never possible to be absolutely sure that the findings are correct. It is his inability to validate qualitative research that causes some consternation in relation to its use in product development. For example, the government recently commissioned little qualitative research as it is worried that the findings would not stand up to public scrutiny. More recently, though, since the 1997 General Election, interest by government in focus groups and similar had become a news item. The focus on quality and small numbers of respondents allows the research consultants to collect much of the data themselves in contrast to qualitative surveys where the numbers of interviews are too great for any single person to make more than a dent. One of the strengths of qualitative research is that it deeply involves experienced and skilled practitioners in the subject who can lift data and turn it into creative research findings. Here too there are problems as well as advantages. Much of the information gathered through qualitative research depends on the skills of the practitioner. Small numbers of respondents and just one or two people carrying out the interviewing allows more open-ended questions than in quantitative surveys. Open-ended questioning is the fabric of qualitative researchers. There is no hard and fast rule as to the break in sample size between qualitative and quantitative research. Most researchers would agree that 30 or fewer respondents would certainly constitute qualitative work.Others would argue that any sample much below 200 interviews is verging on the qualitative method because such low numbers produce findings with extremely large bands of error. According to Goodyear (1990), qualitative and quantitative research differs in four important ways, they are: in the type of problem that each can solve; the methods of sampling; the methods of sampling; the methods and style of collecting information; and the approach to and techniques of analysis. THE RESEARCH CYCLE The research cycle is different depending on what stage of product development the research is done for. A typical research cycle would include most or all of the steps mentioned below. These steps should be regarded as categorised as a combination both primary and secondary research.They are: Secondary Literature Search: An astonishing amount of information exists here, or is being collected about consumer needs, wants their behaviour, about markets, prices, opportunities, etc. A list of questions and assumptions is required at this stage to identify what customers would see in the product. One could use the internet to locate studies that relate to it. This is an inexpensive way to prepare for the other research steps. At this point the primary concern for the researcher are,opportunities, and potential of the product, and identifying information to help in formulating plans. Exploratory Focus Groups: These groups enable the researcher to hear about peoples needs, wishes, current products (especially the strengths and weaknesses), how they compensate for what they dont have, attitudes about the markets, etc. At this point the researcher is still thinking about opportunities, potential, etc, and looking for information to formulate plans. Ethnographic Study: One may want to observe people using related products and services in real time. This helps clarify what is gathered in research studies and heard in focus groups. At this point the latter of opportunities still holds. Large Scale Survey: The survey allows one to collect quantifiable information about assumptions, questions raised by the focus groups, planning, and general market conditions of the product from the general populace. At this point the researcher would already have concrete assumptions about potential customers, their needs, and the market in general. In this situation one is looking to verify those assumptions and ideas, with statistical confidence. Additionally one may want to conduct surveys throughout the development process to clarify issues, help you make choices etc. Usability Testing and Laboratory Testing: the test here helps one to refine various features of the product as it is being developed. Are the buttons in the right place, etc? At this point a prototype is being built, according to the information already gathered through primary and secondary sources using qualitative and quantitative methods of research.As the major components of the new product are being put together, its best to test their functionality with real customers. Prototype Focus Groups: These groups test the researchers execution of plans gathered previously. For example, do the features of the prototype meet their needs of the market? At this point specific information with regard to feedback about the look, feel, feasibility,etc of the prototype is gathered. (The researcher should expect at least two or three rounds of groups to refine the new product). Field Test: This enables the new product to betested. Users put the prototype through its paces. One might want to makesure that the product is tested in a variety of settings to make sure theproduct goes through the range of possible experiences. At this point the producthas been designed and built. Now is to see how good the product is with regardto its market category, in which substantial evaluation has already beencarried out. SUMMARYAND CONCLUSION This paper has looked at the meaning of product development, thetwo types of data collection methods namely, primary data collection andsecondary data collection methods. Under primary data collection itidentifies, the type of primary data collection, namely, experimentation,sampling, survey methods, questionnaire construction and observation methods.Under secondary data, we have identified the use of periodicals, census report,government publication, trade journals and the World Wide Web as being the mostused method under this type of data collection. We have also described thetypes of market research methods, namely, qualitative and quantitative researchmethods Under quantitative research we have looked at sampling, the types of quantitative data used, level of measurement, frequency of measurement, and nature of respondent or potential customers for the new product. Additionally, we have also identified a few differences in the use of research methods for product development such as the measurement of the concluded findings for a research etc. Finally, we looked at the research cycle with regard to what point of the cycle a new product would be evaluated and tested in real markets. The research cycle tells us about the use of secondary literature search, exploratory focus groups, ethnographic study, large scale survey, usability testing and laboratory testing, prototype focus groups, and field testing in product development. It is worthwhile to conclude here that although secondaryresearch, which is based on already existing data or information; i.e. datafrom primary research is one that is collected directly from the source, whilesecondary research builds on primary research already gathered, one should notethat information gathered for secondary research might not be as accurate asone might expect. The reason for this is that, a secondary data collectionresearcher might not have been part of the primary research team, and thereforethe outcome of the results of secondary research to do with quantitativeanalysis might prove to be inaccurate in its use for product development. Further work is required to develop this approach to see if the potential benefits can actually be realised in practice. Additionally, there should be a greater consideration of the issues involved in secondary analysis of single, multiple, and mixed data sets. Finally, some more specific guidelines are needed for researchers about the ethical issues to be considered when undertaking qualitative work that maybe re-used in the future such as being biased and not taking on board important issues that would affect the outcome of the product in the final stages of development. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Achenbaum,A.A., (1993), The future challenge to market research, MarketingResearch: A magazine of Management and Applications, 5(2), pp. 12-18 Albaum,G., (1987), Do source and anonymity affect mail survey results?Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 15(3), pp 74-81 Baker,M.J., (1993), Look before you leap, Research for Marketing,Macmillan, London, Chapter 1, pp. 1-40 Bhaduri,M., De Souza, M., Sweeney, T., (1993), International qualitativeresearch: A critical review of different approaches, Marketing andResearch Today, 2(3), pp. 171-178. Brown,M., (1994), What price response?, The Journal of the MarketResearch Society, 36, pp. 227-244. Byers,P.Y. and Wilcox, J.R., (1991), Focus groups: a qualitative opportunityfor researchers, Journal of Business Communication, 28(1), pp. 63-78. Chisnall,P., (1992), Role and development of marketing research, MarketingResearch, 4th edn., McGraw Hill, London, Chapter 1, pp. 3-22. Colwell,J., (1990), Qualitative market research: a conceptual analysis andreview of practioner criteria, The Journal of the Market Research Society,32. Dibb,S., Simkin, L., Pride, W.M., Ferrell, O.C., (2001), Marketing, conceptsand strategies, Fourth European edition, Chapter 10, pp.301. Freeling,A., (1994), Marketing is in crisis can market research help?,The Journal of the Market Research Society, 36, pp. 97-104 Hooley,G.J. and West, C.J., (1984), The untapped markets for market research,The Journal of the Market Research Society, 26(4). Mason,N., (1990) EPOS, Birn, R., Hague, R., and Vangelder, P. (Eds), Ahandbook of Market Research Techniques, Kogan Page, London. Sweeney,J.C., (1997), Collecting information from groups, a comparison ofmethods, The Journal of the Market Research Society, 39(2), pp. 397-411. Swires-Hennessy,E., and Drake, M., (1992), The optimum time at which to conduct surveyinterviews, The Journal of the Market Research Society, 34(1), pp. 61-78. www.mori.co.uk www.forrester.co.uk

Marketing: Strategic Innovation in Globally Diverse Markets Essay

Personalized marketing (sometimes referred to as one-to-one marketing) is the marketer attempt to provide the customer individual attention through a variation of methods. Personalized marketing is a strategic approach which involves tailoring products differently for each and every consumer while retaining the principles of mass production. One-to-one marketing is attributable to two converging phenomena: the interactive flow of information made possible by robots and just-in-time inventory (Lampel & Mintzer, 1996, p. 1). In order for a company to be effective in personalized marketing, the company must be able to gather information on the target individual. Today, with the power of technology this is a widespread practice on the Internet. The Internet provides a medium to make one-on-one personalization practical for a variety of firms (Schibsted, 2001). For example, a web page may establish cookies and track the buying habits of the customer. Based on the customer buying habits, advertisements are geared towards that individual. An example of personalized marketing is something I witness on a regular bases, but did not realize it was referred to as personalized marketing. I consistently purchase items through Amazon. com, in which I typically purchase books. Amazon. com routinely sends me emails, informing me of sales or populates my home page with advertisements relating to certain categories of books I typically purchase. As pointed out by Vesanen, (2007), developments in information and communication technologies have opened up new opportunities to collect and analyze data and implement personalized marketing (p. 09). In today’s market there is an increase in customer satisfaction. In order for businesses to succeed and be competitive they must be in tune to the customer needs and wants. Marketing to the individual customer can be profitable to the company as long as the method of gathering the data and establishing personalization is not complex. As studied by Goldsmith & Frieden (2004), data warehouses allow companies to store trillions of bytes of consumer information. Computer controlled factory equipment , and industrial robots can quickly readjust assembly lines. Bar code scanners make it possible to track parts and products. The Internet ties it all together and makes it easy for a company to interact with customers, learn about their preferences, and respond. Personalize marketing can benefit some companies; however it would be much more difficult for a store to personalized catalogs, pamphlets, or fliers for each of its customers, by proposing deals, rebates and reductions based on the customers shopping habits. Not only would it be difficult, but it would not be cost effective for a company to engage in this type of personalization. Personalization can take many forms, from the customization of Web sites to the customization of products. Whatever the extent of it, it is an expensive and time-consuming activity. While Amazon is the leader in this type of customization, few others are succeeding (Goldsmith & Frieden). Dynamic Pricing Dynamic pricing is broadly defined as the buying and selling of goods and services in markets where prices are free to adjust in response to supply and demand conditions at the individual transaction level (Garbarino & Lee, 2003, p. 495). From a business point of view, dynamic pricing is a profitable concept in personalized marketing. For example, a customer may go to a car dealer and do not see the car they would like on the lot. Therefore, a car is ordered with exact specifications and because of the specialty requirements the price of the car increases, making the transaction profitable for the business. Dynamic pricing enables the business to increase the price on an item; strengthen customers’ allegiance, along with enhancing customer satisfaction. Carroll & Coastes (1999) state that economics define price discrimination as the practice of charging multiple prices for the same good where the difference in price is based on a difference in demand rather than cost. There are three degrees of pricing models commonly used in the retail marketplace: * First-degree price discrimination – different prices are charged based on what the buyer is willing to pay * Second-degree price discrimination – offers a variety of pricing options * Third-degree price discrimination – market-segmentation pricing (Garbarino & Lee, p. 498). From a business stand point, first-degree price discrimination is more profitable because it obtains the maximum value of the item. However, from a consumer stand point second-degree price discrimination can offer more value to the customer. It allows customers to choose the pricing option that will work for them, based on their desires and requirements. Online Retailers versus Offline Retailers The materialization of online retailers is compelling retailers to reassess their business practices and the use of technology. Integrating online and offline channels are very much on the minds of retailers, and it is forcing them to understand how to manage relationships across multiple channels. Retailers need to understand who their customers are, understand their behavior, and execute seamlessly across those channels (Beasty, 2006). Online retailing is the fastest growing channel in which consumers purchase products. Integrating online retailing with offline retailing comes with numerous problems. The consumer may see a product in the store for one price and see that same item online at a different price. Retailers compete nationally and locally on prices and products. Someone in Florida may not want to purchase the same products as someone in Washington D. C. or you may have a retailer located in California, but the company’s web site can be accessed by anyone that can utilize the web. According to study by Beasty, (2006), you mainly see this problem when consumer purchasing is based primarily on price. For example, a PlayStation is a PlayStation no matter where you purchase it, but saving $20 makes a big difference to customers. Another example is a few years ago Circuit City gave one price online, another price in their ad, and a different price in the store, all for the same item, without any explanation as to why (para. 6). This leaves the consumer frustrated, confused and a lack of understanding. Francis, (2007) studies states that one size does not fit all in the Internet retailing marketplace. The author categorized Internet retailing as follows: * Offline goods – items such as, books, groceries, and CDs are purchased and the consumer disengage from the web site and wait for their order to be delivered * Offline services – consumer pay for or book services, such as, travel, event tickets, and hotels online than travel to an offline service deliver location * Electronic-goods – the consumer purchase and download their products, such as software, MP3s, and digital books directly from a website; and * Electronic Services – the consumer purchase, co-produce, and consume the core service, such as banking, brokerage, chat/dating services via a web site. Online retailers must recognize the difference variations in online shopping and ensure customers’ requirements are effectively and properly addressed. Traditional methods of advertising include billboards, TV commercials, radio ads and posters. Companies still use the traditional methods of advertising , but they use the Internet to their advantage by incorporating new advertising with traditional advertising. The habits of today’s consumer dictate the method of advertising for a company to stay competitive. The invention of the TV digital video recorders (DVRs) and the consumer fast-forwarding through commercials makes TV advertising less effective in today’s marketplace. To remain relevant and competitive companies have a multitude of different formats of online advertising, such as banner ads, pop-up ads, floating ads, streaming sidebar ads, pull banner ads, and text ads, just to name a few. In addition, many companies ask you to â€Å"like† their link, in which the company’s page is now on your Facebook or Twitter page. This enables Facebook or Twitter to determine your shopping habits, and you can visit a company’s site right from you social media page. Offline stores has responded to the competition of online retailers by sending out a variety of advertisements, such as direct-mail flyers, catalogs, television, via mobile phones, and the Internet. In addition, offline stores have responded by increasing their presence on the web as well as creating appealing experience within the offline store. Today, many offline stores are dominating the online market with their presence. Even though, online shoppers experience a delay in receiving their product, online stores are continuously improving the delivery turnaround time. In addition, most online stores do not charge taxes, include free shipping, and offer free returns or exchanges. However, some online companies may charge a low-price for an item, but compensate by charging higher prices for shipping and handling. Nevertheless, most online stores are growing faster than offline store. The expansion of the Internet has increased the variety of pricing models available, for example: * Per-user model – involves either a flat fee per user or a tiered fee structure based on the level of use * Per-transaction model – a rate structure is developed to account for different automated processes or functions * Percentage-of-revenue model – is like the per-transaction model in that the monthly fee will fluctuate as the level of activity changes; it differs, however, in that the model is tied to the amount of revenue the user generates each month * Fixed-fee model – a lump-sum monthly fee that covers products and services specified in the contract. Fixed-fee pricing models typically appeal to organizations that want costs to be predictable (Turisco, 2000). The online retailer has to determine which pricing model fits their needs and which pricing model will benefit the company financially and satisfy the consumer. In addition, the company must also consider their overhead and their anticipated growth. Globalization Influence and Marketing Trends Even though, globalization has brought benefits between nations, it has also brought universal problems between nations. According to Kearney, (2003), â€Å"September 11 was a gruesome vindication of the argument that global integration had widened the gap between the haves and have-nots†. The author further argues â€Å"that the persistence of al Quada underscores how hard it is for governments to stamp out stateless, decentralized networks that move freely, quickly, and stealthily across national borders to engage in terror†. Marketers need to recognize the pros and cons of globalization, utilize the benefits, and do not become submerse with complex situations that come with globalization. Authors Reddy & Vyas (2004) reviewed 10 pros and cons associated with globalization from a marketing perspective. The pros included: economic growth, rapid technology transfer, more countries becoming democracies, the rapid spread of free enterprise system, unification of culture, living norms, and work ethic, increased communication through the Internet and other media, instant news worldwide, worldwide improvement of health and living conditions, people living longer, and multinational corporations. The cons included: increased unemployment in developed countries, increased trade deficit in developed countries, terrorism, loss of competitiveness in developed nations, poorer nations feel taken advantage of by advanced nations, increased economic gap between the rich and poor nations, some countries feel their norms and religious practices are violated, comparisons with rich nations make poorer nations unhappy, increased pollution through manufacturing and transport worldwide, the spread of Aids, West Nile virus, and various kinds of flu and other diseases. Globalization is regarded with much criticism, however, globalization will continue. There may be some containment of rapidity because of tightening of the borders, demands for intellectual property protection, setting up firewalls for Internet communication, but the movement continues (Reddy & Vyas, 2004, p. 169). Firms and governments that are aware of the positives and negatives involved with globalization will be able to develop a better approach towards globalization. Influence of Online Today’s technology has changed communication and the way marketers get their message out to the consumer. The rapid diffusion of multipurpose smart phones, broadband and wireless Internet connections, and ad-skipping DVRs have eroded the effectiveness of the mass media (Kotler & Keller, 2012, p. 476). Marketers were able to reach consumers via three television channels 80% of the time in the 60s. Today, marketers would have to run the same information on at least 100 channels to get the same results. Marketers are using technology to reach a broader audience, but at the same time consumers are using technology to fight back. Consumers feel they are receiving numerous ads that have no bearing on their lives. Internet users are taking advantage of new software to block spam and pop-up ads (Nunes & Merrihue, 2007) and telemarketers are being stopped by caller ID and the â€Å"Do not call registry† to prevent disruptions at home. Marketers are answering back by applying alternative solutions. Per Nunes & Merrihue (2007), there are four strategies available to companies that want to reach broad groups of people without breaking their marketing budget. * Bottlenecks – places where people cannot help being stopped, such as subway, elevators, airplanes, or bathroom * Trojan horse approach – placing advertisements on frequently encountered materials, such as coffee cups and pay stubs * Get the attention of consumers at play outside their homes – placing advertisements on adult play thing, such as a golf cart * Extends the third strategy – seeks to get people to play along, using interactive technology in public spaces (p. 64). These types of tactics can target a broad range of consumers with various forms of advertisement that cannot be turned off. The Internet has affected retailers approach to advertising and promoting their products or services. It is vital for companies to develop an effective brand to gain competitive advantage in the marketplace. The Internet opens up opportunity for the consumer to provide feedback regarding products and services, which has a significant impact on the retailer, whether the feedback is positive or negative. The Internet also allows the retailer to be more creative based on feedback from the consumer in a number of online communities. The communication channels to the consumer have expanded in number as well as complexity with the global expansion of the Internet and related information technology based products and services. Information technology has dramatically changed how consumers process (or avoid) information delivered by marketing professionals and has eroded the effectiveness of media advertising. The reason for this erosion is due to fragmentation of retail audiences caused by the introduction enhanced media sources such as cable television, blogs, video-on-demand, webcasting, video games, websites, digital video recorders, and multi-functional communication devices (cell phones). The result of these technological and media advancements creates a shift in bargaining power give consumers choices about how, when, and where they consume information (SCH Management Consultants, 2011). The evolution of the Internet has altered the way the consumer and the marketer relate to one another and also how the consumer purchase products and services. The consumer today is more educated, more income at their disposal, and have multiple ways to obtain information; therefore the Internet cannot be disregarded by the retailer. According to SCH Management Consultants, (2011) retailers seeking to expand their brand into the online environment will need to invest in the online experience, as part of a multichannel strategy, to reinforce and complement the in-store experience. For example, if customer service is a key differentiator in a retail store, then the experience should be replicated by providing interactive help, rich media (video) demonstrations, and product comparisons. Consumers will demand the ability to order online and retrieve/return the product at the supplier’s storefront or other distribution points. The retailer that understands the art of engaging with the customer via the Internet has a better chance of appropriately marketing their products to the consumer and establishing a lasting relationship.